1. 1. This Regulation applies to natural and legal persons and certain other undertakings that are engaged in the issuance, offer to the public and admission to trading of crypto-assets or that provide services related to crypto-assets in the Union.
2. 2. This Regulation does not apply to:
(a)((a)) persons who provide crypto-asset services exclusively for their parent companies, for their own subsidiaries or for other subsidiaries of their parent companies;
(b)((b)) a liquidator or an administrator acting in the course of an insolvency procedure, except for the purposes of Article 47;
(c)((c)) the ECB, central banks of the Member States when acting in their capacity as monetary authorities, or other public authorities of the Member States;
(d)((d)) the European Investment Bank and its subsidiaries;
(e)((e)) the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism;
(f)((f)) public international organisations.
3. 3. This Regulation does not apply to crypto-assets that are unique and not fungible with other crypto-assets.
4. 4. This Regulation does not apply to crypto-assets that qualify as one or more of the following:
(a)((a)) financial instruments;
(b)((b)) deposits, including structured deposits;
(c)((c)) funds, except if they qualify as e-money tokens;
(d)((d)) securitisation positions in the context of a securitisation as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2017/2402;
(e)((e)) non-life or life insurance products falling within the classes of insurance listed in Annexes I and II to Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(27)orCouncil (^{1}) or reinsurance and retrocession contracts referred to in that Directive;
(f)((f)) pension products that, under national law, are recognised as having the primary purpose of providing the investor with an income in retirement and that entitle the investor to certain benefits;
(g)((g)) officially recognised occupational pension schemes falling within the scope of Directive (EU) 2016/2341 of the European Parliament and of the Council(28)orCouncil (^{2}) or Directive 2009/138/EC;
(h)((h)) individual pension products for which a financial contribution from the employer is required by national law and where the employer or the employee has no choice as to the pension product or provider;
(i)((i)) a pan-European Personal Pension Product as defined in Article 2, point (2), of Regulation (EU) 2019/1238 of the European Parliament and of the Council(29);Council (^{3});
(j)((j)) social security schemes covered by Regulations (EC) No 883/2004(30)and883/2004 (^{4}) and (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council(31).Council (^{5}).
5. 5. By 30 December 2024, ESMA shall, for the purposes of paragraph 4, point (a), of this Article issue guidelines in accordance with Article 16 of Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 on the conditions and criteria for the qualification of crypto-assets as financial instruments.
6. 6. This Regulation shall be without prejudice to Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013.