(8)The commodity exchanges operate under the supervision of the METI and the MAFF. The CDA provides a framework for supervisory powers of the METI and the MAFF. In particular, the METI and the MAFF approve the market rules, brokerage contract rules, dispute resolution rules or market transactions surveillance committee rules of a commodity exchange and any changes thereto. Furthermore, in order to ensure fair trading and investor protection, the METI and the MAFF may require a commodity exchange to change its articles of incorporation, other rules or its business methods or take any other measures to improve the operation of its business. If a commodity exchange fails to properly exercise its self-regulatory power and does not take necessary measures to ensure fair trading and investor protection, the METI and the MAFF may withdraw the licence or suspend the whole or a part of the exchange's business. The FIEs are subject to supervision of the Prime Minister of Japan, whose power is delegated to the Commissioner of the Japan Financial Services Agency (JFSA). Section 5 of Chapter V of the FIEA lays down the supervisory measures available to the JFSA. In particular, when the FIE violates laws and regulations, the JFSA may withdraw the licence or issue an order of suspension of all or part of the FIE's business. Furthermore, the JFSA may require the FIE to change its articles of incorporation, operational rules, brokerage contract rules or any other rules or trade practice or to take other necessary measures for supervision. The FIE's articles of incorporations must include sanctions for violation of its business rules by the members. If the FIE fails to perform effectively the market surveillance, the JFSA may take enforcement actions, including licence withdrawal or business suspension.