When assessing the adequacy of the validation function with regard to the requirements laid down in point (f) of Article 144(1) and Article 188 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, competent authorities shall apply Articles 10 to 13 and shall verify that:
the institution compares the first percentile of the actual equity returns with the modelled estimates at least on a quarterly basis;
the comparison referred to in point (a) makes use of an observation period equal at least to one year and of a time horizon that allows the computation of the first percentile based on non-overlapping observations;
where the percentage of observations below the estimated first percentile of equity returns is above 1 %, this is adequately justified and relevant remedial actions are taken by the institution.