(31)For issuing or renewing certain driving licence categories, it should be possible for Member States, instead of requiring a medical examination, to require the applicant or holder of a driving licence to provide in writing or by electronic means a self-assessment, the design of which could be risk-oriented. However, it would be most desirable that Member States include medical examinations at least as part of the first issuing procedure of driving licences, to assess compliance with the conditions set out in this Directive and national law.