(4)The complexity of consumer disputes has evolved significantly since the adoption of Directive 2013/11/EU. The digitalisation of goods and services and the growing importance of e-commerce and digital advertising in the conclusion of consumer contracts have resulted in an increased number of consumers being exposed to misleading online information and manipulative interfaces preventing them from making informed purchasing decisions. It is, therefore, necessary to clarify that contractual disputes arising from the sale of goods or services include disputes relating to digital content and digital services.